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2026-09-13T12:54:40Z
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MA ENGLISH · SEMESTER 3 · WORLD FICTION PAPERIntroducing Salman Rushdie's ShameReading a Novel Through Two Ideas of “World Fiction�Dr. Krisha DasHandique Girls' CollegePK
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What Do We Mean by “World Fiction�? A common (and too simple) assumption:“World Fiction� just means English Literature plus a few names from outside Britain and America.World Fiction really asks two deeper questions:1. HOW is the story built? — its narrator, its structure, its craft2. WHAT togetherness does it imagine? — its families, nations, communitiesRushdie's Shame gives us rich material to explore both.Shame — Introductory Session2PK
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Two Thinkers, Two Lenses Frederick Luis AldamaAnalyzing World FictionLooks at HOW a story is told: the narrator, the structure, the technique.“Reads the craft� J. Hillis MillerCommunities in FictionLooks at WHAT community a story imagines: family, nation, belonging.“Reads the people�We will use both lenses to read Shame today.Shame — Introductory Session3PK
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Lens 1: Reading the Craft (Aldama)1Don't just read fiction as “evidence�A novel is not simply a report on a culture or history — it is a made thing.2Ask: who tells the story, and how?Notice the narrator's voice, and every place the story pauses or turns.3Watch for digression, unreliable narration, allegoryThese are deliberate choices — not accidents — that shape what we feel and believe.4These techniques work everywhereThe same close attention we give an English novel, we give a Pakistani or Indian one.Shame — Introductory Session4PK
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Lens 2: Reading the Community (Miller)1Fiction tests whether “community� is possibleEvery novel imagines some group — a family, a village, a nation — and asks if it can hold together.2Rarely one big happy familyCommunities in fiction are messier than we expect — full of gaps, rivalries, silences.3Held together by tension, not just harmonyThe very conflict that threatens a group can also be what keeps it together.4Miller's word for this: “agonistic�More on this important word on the next slide.Shame — Introductory Session5PK
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What Is an “Agonistic Community�?AGONISTIC — from the Greek agon, meaning contest or struggleA group held together BY its tensions and conflicts — not in spite of them.The usual idea of communityShared belief, harmony, one big family — everyone united and alike.Miller's agonistic communityRivalry, difference, and conflict that never fully goes away — each member stays distinct, refusing to melt into one whole.Shame — Introductory Session6PK
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Meet the Novel: Shame (1983)Rushdie's third novelPublished in 1983, written in the style of magic realism.Set in a country “not quite Pakistan�A fictional country that sits almost, but not exactly, in the same place as the real one.Two rival familiesGeneral Raza Hyder and Iskander Harappa — loosely echoing real Pakistani leaders Zia-ul-Haq and Bhutto.A story about shame and violenceShame that is buried or denied, the novel suggests, eventually explodes into violence.Shame — Introductory Session7PK
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The Narrator's ConfessionPart One, Chapter 1“The country in this story is not Pakistan, or not quite� — the narrator openly tells us so, early in the novel.Two countries — the real and the fictional — sit almost in the same space.This gap he calls a “slight angle to reality� — a deliberate choice, not a mistake.This angle lets him say things that a strictly factual account could not have said.This is Aldama's lens in action: a technique that quietly shapes meaning.Shame — Introductory Session8PK
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The Birth of Sufiya ZinobiaPart Two, Chapter 5 — “The Wrong Miracle�A daughter, not the sonBilquis and Raza Hyder desperately wanted a son; a daughter arrives instead.A blush she cannot controlFrom birth, Sufiya blushes uncontrollably — carrying a shame that is not only her own.A symbol for the nationShe comes to embody the shame the powerful refuse to feel — until it erupts as violence.Shame — Introductory Session9PK
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Putting It Together: Shame's Agonistic Nation1The nation in Shame is not held together by unity or shared belief.2It survives through rivalry (Harappa vs. Hyder), dictatorship, and buried Partition violence.3Even the family — three mothers raising one son in secrecy — is bound by tension, not only love.4Sufiya's eruption is the whole order's hidden tension finally becoming impossible to contain.Shame — Introductory Session10PK
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What We Will Do in the Coming Sessions1Track the narrator's interruptionsUsing Aldama: find each digression and ask what work it does.2Map the novel's fractured communitiesUsing Miller: trace the nation, the family, and their tensions.3Question the category itselfAsk what “World Fiction� means for a novel this hybrid in form and setting.Shame — Introductory Session11PK
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